Why is high blood pressure more common in youngsters than in adults?

High blood pressure is a condition most people associate with older adults, usually a concern for their parents or grandparents. But over the years in my cardiology practice, I’ve noticed a different trend: more and more young people, even some in their twenties, and even teenagers are being diagnosed with hypertension.

The transition is usually silent and usually an unexpected one. Most young people feel fine, lead active lives, and have no clue that their blood pressure is running higher than it should. Often when they come for some checkup, we discover their heart is stressed out too much, too soon.

Hypertension is defined as a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg or greater or a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg or greater. As a Consultant Interventional Cardiologist, it isn't just a number on the chart that is of concern to me. It's what those numbers do to their future — to their heart, brain, kidneys, and overall health.

Research reveals that the prevalence of hypertension among individuals under 40 has increased dramatically over the past decade. The trend is universal — hitting both the developed and developing world — and it's an alarm call for us all.

So, what is going on? Why are we developing high blood pressure in individuals who are supposed to be in the peak of their health? And most importantly, what we can do to avoid it.

Why is hypertension increasing in the young?

• Unhealthy habits: We humans are always on the run, and amidst the chaos of today's life, leading to a hectic lifestyle and habits often makes our blood pressure increase.
• Poor diet: Fast food, processed snacks, and soda are a large portion of many young people's diets. These foods are high in salt, unhealthy fats, and empty calories, all of which increase blood pressure.
• Lack of physical activity: With so much time on screens and sitting 12-14 hours for work or study, physical activity tends to take the hit. Inactivity leads to weight gain and vascular issues.
• Stress: Academic stress, work stress, and the constant availability of social media all take their toll. Chronic stress impacts the nervous system and hormones, leading to increased blood pressure.
• Increasing obesity and metabolic syndrome: Rates of obesity among youth and young adults have increased dramatically. In addition to weight gain, many of them develop metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions that includes high blood glucose, abnormal cholesterol, and excess fat around the midsection — that is directly associated with hypertension.
• Substance use: Smoking e-cigarettes, vaping, alcohol, and illegal drugs are more prevalent than ever among youths. Nicotine and some substances directly increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing the heart rate.
• Family history and genetics: If there is a family history of hypertension, you could be at greater risk — particularly when paired with poor lifestyle choices. Genetics can affect how your body processes salt, stress, and metabolism, all of which influence blood pressure.

Why early detection and action matter?
Hypertension is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it usually doesn't show any visible symptoms — until damage has already been done. That's why regular blood pressure testing is important, even for people who feel fine, including young adults. Without treatment, high blood pressure can result in heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, and other serious complications.

What can be done?
The good news is high blood pressure can be prevented and treated, particularly if it's detected early. By following these things one can make a difference:

Lifestyle changes
-Eat smart: Prioritize fruit, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, and low-sodium foods.
-Move: Have at least 150 minutes of moderate activity (such as brisk walking) or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week.
-Manage stress: Try mindfulness, deep breathing, or simply taking time to unplug and renew.
-Avoid harmful substances: Stop smoking, reduce alcohol, and steer clear of drugs.

Medical support
If lifestyle modifications are not sufficient, medications might be required — particularly if the blood pressure remains elevated or if there is a sign of organ damage. Treatment programs should be individualized by the cardiologist according to individual needs.

High blood pressure in young adults isn't unusual anymore, and it shouldn't be taken lightly. If you're a student, young career professional, or parent reading this on behalf of your child, understand that heart health begins early. Tiny changes today can last a lifetime.

Let's create awareness, be proactive about screening, and encourage better choices at a young age. Our hearts, and our future, depend on it.

Dr. Zahedullah Khan, Consultant Interventional Cardiologist, Olive Hospital